General Rules
You must include in-text citations whenever you quote, summarize, or paraphrase outside sources in your paper, in addition to the reference list at the end. This allows you to give credit to the sources and easily trace back each piece of information to your source, strengthening your argument. There are two types of in-text citations: parenthetical (which includes Author's name in parentheses and direct quote) and narrative.
Parenthetical:
- Author's name in parentheses: Includes the author’s last name, the year at the end of your sentence.
i.e.) One study found that the most important element in motivating its employees' overall performance
is empowering them with autonomy over their work (Gass & Varonis, 2019).
- Direct quote: (include page number): If you use a direct quote, include a page number in the parentheses at the end of your sentence.
i.e.) One study found that " The most important element in motivating its employees' overall performance
is empowering them with autonomy over their work " (Gass & Varonis, 2019, p85).
Narrative:
- Author's name part of narrative:
i.e.) Gass & Varonis (2010) found that the most important element in motivating employees'
overall performance is empowering them with autonomy over their work.
See more quotation examples on the APA website.
